Plant bedding construction between 60,000 and 40,000 years ago at Border Cave, South Africa

Extraordinary preservation of plant remains provides an insight into the construction and materials of bedding at Border Cave, South Africa. Towards the back of the cave there are particularly thick layers of desiccated and charred grass and our botanical study is from bulk samples of these approximately 60,000 to 40,000 year-old layers (Members 3 BS, 2 WA, 2 BS and 1 BS Lower C). More than one type of panicoid grass was identified, sedge nutlets were present in the older layers and in Member 2 WA particularly, eudicotyledon leaves were preserved. Plant bedding construction may have altered slightly over time with the use of sedges decreasing in favour of grass. A small item that appears to be woven monocotyledon leaf blades was recovered from Member 1 BS Lower C (42,600 years old), potentially making it the oldest evidence of simple weaving. The bedding is generally desiccated rather than burned, and often lies on an ash base. It is possible that the site's occupants burned old bedding to provide an ash base for fresh bedding. The unique preservation of desiccated plant material from as early as 60,000 years ago may in part be due to these ashy surfaces.